When a consequential decision deserves an independent perspective.
Before committing capital, changing providers, restructuring an operation or materially altering direction.

When the problem crosses organizational boundaries.
What appears to be an aviation, finance, people, procurement, security or service issue may actually be a system problem.

When the operating environment works - but not as well as it should.
Accumulated complexity, unclear accountability and operating friction can become consequential well before conventional measures expose them.

When normal processes are no longer sufficient.
Transition, disruption, organizational inflection or elevated risk may require experienced intervention rather than additional process.